Pangenomes

对于微生物基因组,首先对于 homolog, ortholog 和 paralog 的概念需要明确,以前看书的时候容易对定义有所忽略,这篇博客讲述的比较清楚:

Homolog: A gene related to a second gene by descent from a common ancestral DNA sequence. The term "homolog" may apply to the relationship between genes separated by speciation (ortholog), OR to the relationship betwen genes originating via genetic duplication (see paralog).

同源(基因):指遗传上来自于某一共同祖先DNA序列的基因。“同源”包含两种情况,一是物种间的同源(ortholog);另一种是同一物种内由于基因复制、分离导致的同源(paralog)。

Ortholog: Orthologs are genes in different species that have evolved from a common ancestral gene via speciation (1). Orthologs often (but certainly not always) retain the same function(s) in the course of evolution (2). Thus, functions may be lost or gained when comparing a pair of orthologs.

直系/直向/垂直同源(基因):指位于不同的物种间的,在物种形成过程中源自某一共同祖先的基因。从进化的角度来看,这类基因通常具有相同的功能,但并非绝对。所以,当我们比较一对直系同源基因时,可能会发现有的已经丧失了固有的功能或者进化出了新的功能。

Paralog: Paralogs are genes produced via gene duplication within a genome (1). Paralogs typically evolve new functions or else eventually become pseudogenes.

旁系/横向/并行同源(基因):指在一个特定的基因组中由于基因复制产生的同源。通常比较这些基因时,它们可能已经彼此具有了新的(不同)功能,也可能已经成为假基因了。

Pangenomes:

对于pangenomes分析的工具可以参看omictools的pan-genome工具列表,里面罗列了许多软件,大部分都是通过构建自己的pipeline来实现。

Reference

  1. Fitch WM (1970) "Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins". Syst Zool, 19:99-113.
  2. Li WH, Yang J, Gu X (2005) "Expression divergence between duplicate genes". Trends Genet, 21:602-607.
  3. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-217859-280960.html
  4. http://homepage.usask.ca/~ctl271/857/def_homolog.shtml

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